ILLOCUTIONARY
ANALYSIS OF JOKOWI'S SPEECH AT THE OPENING OF THE KTT G20 BALI
Filomena
Yusta Neweng (20102024)
2020
D
ENGLISH
LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL
SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS SANTU PAULUS RUTENG
ABSTARCT
This study discusses the types of illocutionary speech in
President Jokowi's speech at the opening of the Bali G20 Summit. This research
is related to the illocutionary act produced by Jokowi in his speech. The
purpose of this study is to find out the illocutionary acts produced by the
speaker in the G2O opening speech. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative
method. The results of this study show that Jokowi uttered 18 utterances at the
opening speech of the G20 summit in Bali: 7 representative data, 4 directive
data, 2 expressive data, 4 commissive data, and 1 declarative data. Thus, the
most frequently produced categories of illocutionary acts by speakers are
representative, while the categories or illocutionary acts that occur most
rarely are declarative. That is, in his speech, Jokowi tends to use his words
to describe conditions or events in the world that he believes in. This finding
is supported by Cutting (2002: 17). A representative performance is one in
which the words express what the speaker believes. be the case or not. That's
because of what Jokowi said in his G20 Bali opening speech about statements of
facts, affirmations, conclusions, and descriptions of things.
Keywords:
Illocutionary act, speech, representative
INTRODUCTION
Language is
important in human life because it is a means of human communication in daily
life. A person can communicate ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others through
language, both orally and in writing. In communication, language is very
important. People will be able to share and discuss ideas, thoughts, and plans
by using language (Marzuki, 2016; Marzuki, 2019).
It can also be used to change reality if carried out by a powerful figure such
as the president. The president employs language as a political tool in order
to influence society as a whole. Political speech can be viewed as a tool for
establishing and maintaining social relationships, expressing emotions, and
selling ideas, policies, and programmers. As a result of their enormous impact
on society, presidential speeches are fascinating to examine. Hence, presidential speech is interesting to analyze
because of the massive impact on society. Ones of many interesting presidential
speeches are the seventh Indonesian president’s speeches, Joko Widodo (known as
Jokowi) at the KTT G20 Bali November 15,2022.
Speech According to Arsajad (2019), is an activity done
verbally by someone about something or a problem by expressing a description of
the problem using sentences that must be clear in front of the masses or many
people at a certain time. The listener must recognize the speech in order for
the speaker's message to be effectively conveyed. As a result, it is critical
to understand the conversation's context. Language speakers perform actions
such as informing, ordering, or requesting when they produce speech in a
specific context. This is referred to as a speech act.
In the analysis of language, what people act by saying
words is known as speech acts. One pragmatic
field that analyses communication is speech acts theory. According to the view,
persons make utterances as a form of activity. It suggests that language is a
tool for getting people to participate in certain activities so they can
communicate. The utterances that take place between people who are
communicating are referred to as speech acts. It is a feature of language that
is concerned with what individuals convey through it (Yule, 1996; Kim &
Lee, 2015).
In terms of speech acts, Yule (1996) defined them as
actions performed through utterances such as an apology, compliment, or
request. It is classified into three types: locutionary acts, illocutionary
acts, and perlocutionary acts. Additionally, Austin (1962) defined locutionary
act as the actual words spoken by the speakers. Meanwhile, illocutionary act
refers to the actions performed by the speaker as he or she speaks. Yule (1996) distinguishes five types of illocutionary
speech acts: declaration, representative, expressive, directive, and
commissive. Declarations are a type of speech act in which words are
transformed through utterances. It is not the case with representatives who
state whether or not they believe the speaker is correct. The next category is
expressive speech acts, which are speech acts that express what the speaker is
feeling by expressing psychological states such as happy, happy, sick, sad,
like or dislike. In other words, pay closer attention to how the speaker feels.
Furthermore, directive is a type of speech act in which someone is asked to do
something. Orders, requests, and suggestions are all included. Meanwhile, commissive speech acts convey the speaker's
intent. It is typically used by the speaker to commit them to future actions,
such as a promise, threat, refusal, or pledge.
Many
research conducted by the researchers in examined the speech acts. In Okoro (2017) conducted a descriptive survey
study to investigate the speech acts which are locution, illocution, and perlocution,
of 2 political speeches of President Muhammad Buhari. The researchers analyzed
the data using the Speech Acts Theory of Austin (1962) and Searle (1969). The
result of the study revealed that that the President used more assertives and
commissives speech acts in order to show the sincerity of his intentions, to
make promises, and to assure the masses. The other study, titled "An
Analysis of Illocutionary Acts of Hillary Clinton's Concession Speech to Donald
Trump in Presidential Election," was carried out by (Irwandi, 2018). The
author employed qualitative descriptive research. According to the research,
assertives, directions, commissives, expressives, and declaratives may all be
found in Hillary Clinton's concession speech to Donald Trump. The 13 sorts of
assertions occur the most frequently (36.1%). It is followed by directives,
commissives, expressives, and declaratives, which occur in nine different types
(25%) each, three different types (8.3%), nine different types (25%) each, and
two different types (5.6%). Assertive speech patterns predominate throughout
Hillary Clinton's speech. The highest frequency of assertive was seen in
assertion.
However, the current study will only
look at illocutionary speech acts. The presence study also examined on the
different object of the research and the different aims of the study. The
researcher also wants to examine only the illocutionary act based on Searle’s
theory. Where, Searle conducted five kinds of illocutionary such as Representative,
directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. In the presence research the
researcher wants to identify the illocutionary acts on Jokowis’ speech at G2O Bali ceremony.
Based on the purpose of the study the researcher conduct a research question as
guide in doing the research such as; What kinds of illocutionary acts contained
on Jokowis’ speech at G2O Bali ceremony.
METHOD
This study uses descriptive qualitative
research. Descriptive qualitative research is a systematic subjective approach
used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Sugiyono (2016:12) states
that qualitative research is a method that is used to collect the data in the
form of word of pictures rather than number. This study employed a descriptive
qualitative analysis in order to analyse the types of illocutionary speech acts
performed by Jokowi on speech G20 BALI. The object of this research is the
utterances made by JOKOWI in the G20 speech in Bali. The data source for this
research was collected by downloading Jokowi's speech videos from YouTube. In
collecting data, the writer observes and analyzes utterances or expressions
from Jokowi's speech.
A. Data Analysis
For
data analysis, the author applies the Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) theories
of speech acts. Data analysis is the process of methodically searching and organizing
the interview transcript, field notes, and other materials that you gather to
better understand them and make it possible for you to share what you have
learned with others (Sugiyono, 2016:244).
According to
Austin's (1962) theory on illocutionary actions and Searle's (2005) theory on
the many forms of illocutionary acts, which included assertives, directives,
commissives, expressive, and declaratives, the writer classified them.
b. Methods of Data
Collection
The
first step for the researcher is downloading Jokowi's speech at the G20 Bali
videos from YouTube and then the researcher watches the video. At the same
time, the researcher looked for utterances containing speech acts in Jokowi's
speech. Following the viewing of the video, the researcher highlighted the
utterances included in the various types of illocutionary acts.
Finally, the researcher interprets the meanings and explanation based on the
theory that is used.
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS
The researcher analyzed the illocutionary
acts used by president Jokowi in KTT G20
Bali, with classifying the data into five categories of illocutionary acts
those were representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative.
1.COMMISIVE
Based on Mey
(2001: 120) Commissive is accomplish a transformation in the world by design an
agreement. The utterance makes commitment of the speaker himself to do things
in the future. This type is performed in the form of promise, vow, threat,
refusal, guarantee, etc. . There were 4 utterance that included into
commisive category.
|
NO |
Utterances |
Meaning |
|
1. |
Buat saya, G20 harus berhasil dan tidak boleh
gagal. |
The
utterance was uttered by Jokowi on his speech in KTT G20 Bali.it was included
into commisive category because it committed community or people to make KTT
achieve in the future. |
|
2 |
keberhasilan hanya akan dapat tercapai jika
kita semua, tanpa terkecuali, berkomitmen, bekerja keras, menyisihkan perbedaan-perbedaan
untuk menghasilkan sesuatu yang konkret, sesuatu yang bermanfaat bagi dunia. |
From
the utterance that Jokowi uttered he invited people to that thing in the
future. |
|
3 |
maka 2023 akan menjadi tahun yang lebih suram. |
This
utterance included into commisive category because this utterance include in part of commisive
category that swear .Jokowi swear that in the next year will be the bad year |
|
4 |
Masalah pupuk jangan disepelekan. |
This
utterance included into commisive category because the utterance of jokowi is
the threat to people that fertilizer problems should not be understimated
because it will have an impact on the following year. |
2.
Representative
According to Cutting (2002: 17) representative is
about utterances that the speaker believes to be the honest of the case or not.
This type of actions such as stating, informing, describing, complaining,
claiming, boasting, asserting, etc. There were 7 utterance that included
into representative category.
|
NO |
Utterances
|
Meaning |
|
1 |
Indonesia memiliki 17.000 pulau, 1.300 suku
bangsa, serta lebih dari 700 bahasa daerah. |
The
utterance included into representative category because in this utterance
Jokowi informing to the audience about Indonesia |
|
2 |
Sebagai negara demokrasi, Indonesia sangat
menyadari pentingnya dialog untuk mempertemukan perbedaan, dan semangat yang
sama harus ditunjukkan G20 |
This
sentence is included in the "representative category because, on his
utterance, he states that Indonesia is a country that realizes the importance
of dialogue to bring together differences, and the same spirit and must be
shown at the G20 Summit in Bali. |
|
3 |
Dunia sedang mengalami tantangan yang luar
biasa. Krisis demi krisis terjadi. Pandemi Covid-19 belum usai, rivalitas
terus menajam, perang terjadi. Dampak berbagai krisis tersebut terhadap
ketahanan pangan, energi, dan keuangan sangat dirasakan dunia terutama negara
berkembang. |
The
utterance include in representative category because the utterance talking
about something that happen in this era or describe about the situation in
this world now. Describe something is include in representative category. |
|
4 |
|
This
utterance include into representative category because the speaker believe or
state that they have no option and it is the heart of the speaker and this
utterance include in stating and it is the part of representative category |
|
5 |
Being responsible means respecting
international laws and principles of the UN Charter consistently. Being
responsible means creating win-win, not zero-sum situations. |
This
utterance is stating and informing .so,this utterance include into
representative because speaker state
that responsible is respecting international laws and it is also the
principle of the UN character. |
|
6 |
Being responsible here also means that we must
end the war. If the war does not end, it will be difficult for the world to
move forward. If the war does not end, it will be difficult for us to take
responsibility for the future of current generation dan future generations. |
This
utterance include into representative category because in this utterance
Jokowi state something that we or
they as the leader of the country must
end the war . |
|
7 |
Indonesia berharap G20 dapat terus menjadi
katalis pemulihan ekonomi yang inklusif. Di tengah situasi yang sangat sulit,
G20 terus bekerja agar menghasilkan capaian konkret, mempersiapkan dana untuk
menghadapi pandemi mendatang melalui pandemic fund, membantu ruang fiskal
negara berpendapatan rendah melalui resilience and sustainability trust,
mendorong percepatan pencapaian SDGs, menghasilkan ratusan kerja sama
konkret, serta mendukung pemulihan ekonomi dunia yang lebih hijau dan
berkelanjutan melalui Bali Compact mengenai transisi energi. Kita tidak hanya
bicara, tapi melakukan langkah-langkah nyata. |
The utterance include into representative category because the utterance informing and stating about the reasons why G20 should work hard |
3.
Expressive
Based on Cutting (2002: 17) Expressive is the
utterance can show what the speaker feels. It means the speakers can show their
feeling and passion using the words. It can be completed by expression such as
thanking, welcoming, condoling, apologizing, regretting, praising,
congratulating, etc. There were 2
utterance that included into expressive
category.
|
No
|
Utterances |
Meaning |
|
1 |
Selamat datang di Bali, selamat datang di
Indonesia |
The
utterance include into expressive category because the utterance is welcoming the president
and the people who joint the KTT G20 in Bali and welcoming is the part of
expressive category of illocutionary. |
|
2 |
Yang mulia |
This
utterance include into praising.so this utterance is the part of expressive
category of illocutionary |
4. Declarative
According to Cruse (2000: 343) Declarative is
the utterance distributed by speaker to deliver a difference in reality. It
means that the statements can change the situation in the world. The words can
change the world such as resign, divorce, sentence, pronounce, declare,
baptize, etc. There were 1 utterance that included into declarative category.
|
NO |
Utterances
|
Meaning |
|
1 |
Hari ini mata dunia tertuju pada pertemuan kita |
The
utterance was uttered by jokowi to
president and the audience who joint the KTT G 20 for declaring that today the eyes of the world are fixed on their
meeting. Thus,
from the utterance was included into declarative category because it was
declaring something that changed the world. |
|
|
|
|
5. Directive
According to Cruse (2000:342) Directive have
the aim of making activity on the branch of the hearer. Directive is performed
in the form of commanding, asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, suggesting,
forbidding, etc. There were 4 utterance that included into directive category
|
NO |
UTTERANCES |
MEANING |
|
1 |
Akhir kata, mari kita perlihatkan kepada dunia
bahwa kita dapat bersikap bijak, memikul tanggung jawab, dan menunjukkan jiwa
kepemimpinan. Mari kita bekerja, dan mari kita bekerja sama untuk dunia.
Recover together, recover stronger. |
The
utterance was uttered by Jokowi and the utterance included into directive because
the utterance is making activity which is requesting people to show the world that we can be wise, assume
responsibility, and show leadership. |
|
2 |
Itulah yang ingin saya sampaikan sebagai
pembukaan. Selanjutnya akan kita akan mulai dengan diskusi tertutup. Oleh
karena itu, dengan hormat saya minta awak media untuk meninggalkan ruang
pertemuan. Terimakasih. |
The utterance included into directive
category because the utterance of Jokowi is inviting the president who joint
the KTT to joint the next meeting. |
|
3 |
We should not divide the world into parts. We
must not allow the world fall into another cold war. |
This utterance include into declarative
category because the utterance of the speaker is forbidding people to do not
divide world into parts |
|
4. |
We should not divide the world into parts. We
must not allow the world fall into another cold war. |
The utterance include into directive
because the utterance is commanding people to do something |
DISCUSSION
The writer found the total illocutionary
acts produced by Jokowi at the opening speech of the Bali G20 Summit as many as
17 utterances. Then divided into five types of illocutionary acts, namely
representative as much as 7 data a, directive as much as 4 data. 2 data
expressive, 4 data commissive and 1 data declarative. Thus, the category of
illocutionary act most often produced by the speaker is representative and the
category or illocutionary act that occurs most rarely is declarative. It means
that in his speech Jokowi tends to use his words to describe conditions or
events in the world that he believes in. This finding is supported by Cutting
(2002: 17) representative is a performance in which the word says what the
speaker believes to be the case or not. That's because of what Jokowi said at
the G20 Bali opening speech regarding statements of facts, affirmations,
conclusions, and descriptions of things.
CONCLUSION
This study discovered some
findings in Jokowi's speech in G 20: Bali performed some illocutionary speech
acts, namely four (4) commisive illocutionary speech acts, seven (7)
representative illocutionary acts, two (2) expressive illocutionary speech
acts, one (1) declarative illocutionary speech act, and four (4) directive
illocutionary speech acts.
This research could be used
as a reference for other researchers who want to do research on illocutionary
acts in speech, movies, or anywhere else in order to enrich pragmatic research
and do deeper research related to this research. The researcher advised readers
to read this paper in order to contribute to a better understanding of the
illocutionary act. As a result, they would not be perplexed about what people
meant when conversing with interlocutors because people sometimes have implied
meaning in their speech.
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